Language/Dari/Grammar/Conjunctions
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Introduction
In Dari, conjunctions are an important part of speech that we use to link words, phrases, and clauses together to make meaningful sentences. Conjunctions help us to express relationships between ideas, express contrasts or similarities, and add flow and complexity to our language. In this lesson, we will learn about the most common Dari conjunctions, their usage, and how to use them to connect words, phrases, and sentences.
Once you've mastered this lesson, take a look at these related pages: Conditional Mood & Negation.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions are used to join words, phrases, and independent clauses of equal grammatical importance. In Dari, the most common coordinating conjunctions are:
| Dari | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| و | /wa/ | and |
| یا | /yā/ | or |
| اما | /amā/ | but |
| لیکن | /līkin/ | however |
| پس | /pas/ | so |
Here are some examples of coordinating conjunctions used in sentences:
- زه د هیواد ته راوړم، و په هغه کار وکړم.
- قطره هم وراوه، هم اشکه شپیده شوی.
- تفاوت است، اما برای من تفاوتی ندارد.
- لیکن دا هیڅ وخت بریانی نشته.
Translation:
- I will go to the country and do that work.
- The drop fell and tears were shed.
- There is a difference, but it doesn't matter to me.
- However, this has never been a problem.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions are used to connect dependent clauses or to show cause-and-effect relationships between ideas. In Dari, the most common subordinating conjunctions are:
| Dari | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| که | /ke/ | that, which (introducing a subordinate clause) |
| چونکه | /čonke/ | since |
| چندان که | /čandān ke/ | as much as, as long as |
| قبل از آن که | /qabl az ān ke/ | before |
| هنگامی که | /hangāmi ke/ | when |
Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions used in sentences:
- درس د مدرسه ته که رفته وي، وقت د هره ورځي خاموش دي.
- درود په دوه حرفونو کې باید غور کول: «چونکه تاسو به فکر کړې، یاد ورکړې، ورته خواړې، ته هم وراځېدلي تپله دلته څه چې دستاویز نه دی.
- چندان که د دې ازموینې د پُلیس معلومات وړوي، سلسله مراتب وړ شي.
- قبل از آن که بیاییم، بیابیم شهر بیابیم کلیسا.
- هنگامی که داریو شهید بیرون آمد، همه گردش کردند.
Translation:
- When he goes to school, he remains silent in each class.
- Pay attention to two words: since you think, remember, and write; don't let your heart get excited at all, the document does not exist.
- As much as the police find out about this exam, the hierarchy will be expanded.
- Before we arrive, let's see the city and the church.
- When Dario appeared, everyone turned around.
Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or clauses that are of equal importance and follow a parallel structure. They always appear in pairs. In Dari, the most common correlative conjunctions are:
| Dari | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| نه...نه | /na...na/ | neither...nor |
| یا...یا | /yā...yā/ | either...or |
| نه هغه، نه هغه | /na haghé, na haghé/ | neither this, nor that |
Here are some examples of correlative conjunctions used in sentences:
- مې هیڅ څوک خپلیدو نه دې کوم نه دې.
- یا د خاک کې غشی شه، یا د پلار کې چشم شه.
- نه هغه دې نه هغه دې، همت مات په خاطره اضافه کړو.
Translation:
- I haven't touched either of these things.
- You either blink in the dust or rub your eyes in the pollen.
- Neither this nor that, keep adding courage to your memory.
Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about the most common Dari conjunctions, how to use them in sentences, and their usage in linking words, phrases, and clauses together. Conjunctions are an essential part of Dari grammar, and they add a flow and complexity to sentences, making communication more fluid and expressive.
Remember to practice using conjunctions in your own sentences and speech, and to pay attention to their effect on the meaning and impact of your language. By mastering conjunctions, you will be well on your way to speaking and writing confidently and communicatively in Dari.
Other Lessons
- Past Tense
- Conditional Mood
- Future Tense
- Adverbs
- Personal Pronouns
- Basic Verb Conjugation
- 0 to A1 Course
- Describing People and Things
- Adjectives
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