Language/Tamil/Culture/Chola-Empire
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The Chola Empire was a Tamil dynasty that ruled between the 9th and 13th centuries, spreading Tamil culture and language throughout South Asia. The Cholas were known for their patronage of the arts and literature, their maritime influence, and their military conquests.
Overview
The Chola dynasty began in the 9th century and lasted until the 13th century, with their capital located in Thanjavur in present-day Tamil Nadu. The Cholas were a maritime power, with trade and conquests reaching Southeast Asia and beyond. Under the Cholas, Tamil culture flourished, with patronage of the arts, literature, and architecture. The legacy of the Cholas can still be seen today in the form of the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur, which is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Contributions to Tamil culture
The Cholas were great patrons of the arts and literature, with significant contributions to Tamil language and culture. Some of their notable contributions include:
- Tamil literature: The era of the Cholas was known as the "Golden Age of Tamil Literature." Some of the most significant works of Tamil literature, such as Manimekalai and Periya Puranam, were written during this time.
- Tamil architecture: The Cholas built numerous temples and other structures, such as the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur, which is considered a masterpiece of Tamil architecture.
- Tamil maritime influence: The Cholas' maritime influence and trade relationships spread Tamil culture throughout Southeast Asia and beyond. Tamil inscriptions have been found in various parts of Southeast Asia, indicating the cultural influence of the Cholas.
- Tamil language: The Chola dynasty's patronage of Tamil language helped establish it as a significant language and contributed to its recognition as one of the classical languages of India.
Art and music during the Chola Empire
The Cholas were great patrons of the arts, and their contributions to Tamil art and music were significant.
- Tamil literature: As mentioned earlier, the Chola era was known as a Golden Age for Tamil literature, with significant works being produced during this period.
- Tamil architecture: The Cholas' architectural achievements are a significant contribution to Tamil art. Many of their temples and buildings are known for their intricate carvings, sculptures, and other decorative features.
- Tamil music: The Cholas are credited with developing a unique style of Tamil music known as "Sangam music." This music style was highly influential and continues to be popular in Tamil Nadu even today.
Temple architecture during the Chola Empire
The Cholas were highly regarded for their temple architecture, which is considered one of the significant contributions to Tamil architecture. Their temples often featured intricate carvings, sculptures, and other decorative features. The Brihadeeswarar Temple, built by King Rajaraja Chola I in Thanjavur, is a prime example of Chola temple architecture. This temple is renowned for its large granite dome, which stands over 200 feet high, and its intricate frescoes and carvings.
Example of Chola temple architecture
Here is an example of a Chola temple, with its unique features and symbolism:
| Feature | Symbolism |
|---|---|
| Gopuram | Gateway to the temple, marking the entrance |
| Mandapa | Assembly hall for devotees |
| Garbhagriha | Sanctum sanctorum, the innermost chamber of the temple where the deity is placed |
| Shikhara | The tower located above the Garbhagriha, representing the deity's abode |
| Nandi | Bull statue placed facing the sanctum sanctorum, representing the deity's vehicle |
Conclusion
The Chola Empire's contributions to Tamil culture and language are significant and continue to be appreciated today. Their patronage of the arts, literature, and architecture, along with their maritime influence and military conquests, have left a significant mark on Tamil history. The Cholas are an essential part of Tamil heritage and remain a significant influence on South Asian culture.
Sources
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