Difference between revisions of "Language/Amharic/Grammar/Pronunciation-and-Phonetics"

Latest revision as of 07:33, 21 June 2023

◀️ Fidel and Syllables — Previous Lesson	Next Lesson — Greetings and Introductions ▶️

Amharic → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Introduction to Amharic Alphabet → Pronunciation and Phonetics

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Welcome to the lesson on Amharic pronunciation and phonetics! In this lesson, we will explore the pronunciation of Amharic letters and the phonetic differences between similar sounding consonants. Understanding the correct pronunciation is essential for effective communication and will greatly enhance your ability to speak and understand the Amharic language.

In this lesson, we will delve into the details of Amharic pronunciation and phonetics, providing numerous examples to illustrate each point. We will also explore any regional variations in the usage or understanding of the topic, as well as any historical reasons for these differences. Additionally, we will share interesting cultural facts and anecdotes related to the topic, making your learning experience both informative and enjoyable.

By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of the pronunciation of Amharic letters and be able to distinguish between similar sounding consonants. You will have the necessary tools to improve your spoken Amharic and communicate effectively with native speakers.

Let's get started!

Consonant Pronunciation[edit | edit source]

Amharic has a rich set of consonant sounds, and it's important to pronounce them correctly. The following table provides an overview of the consonant letters in Amharic and their respective pronunciations:

Amharic	Pronunciation	English Translation
ሀ	ha	h
ለ	le	l
ሐ	ha	h
መ	me	m
ሠ	se	s
ረ	re	r
ሸ	she	sh
ቀ	qe	q
በ	be	b
ተ	te	t
ኀ	he	h
ነ	ne	n
አ	a	ʔ
ከ	ke	k
ኸ	khe	kh
ወ	we	w
ዐ	a	ʔ
ደ	de	d
ገ	ge	g
ጠ	te	t
ጰ	pe	p
ፀ	se	s
ፈ	fe	f
ፐ	pe	p

It's important to note that some consonants, such as "ሀ" and "ሐ," have the same pronunciation, making them interchangeable in most cases. Similarly, "አ" and "ዐ" have the same pronunciation as well. However, there are slight phonetic differences between similar sounding consonants, and we will explore these in detail in the following sections.

Pronunciation Tips[edit | edit source]

To improve your Amharic pronunciation, here are some tips to keep in mind:

1. Pay attention to the aspiration: Amharic consonants can be either aspirated or unaspirated. Aspirated consonants are pronounced with a puff of air, while unaspirated consonants are pronounced without the puff of air. For example, "ተ" (te) is aspirated, while "ደ" (de) is unaspirated. Paying attention to the aspiration will help you sound more natural when speaking Amharic.

2. Practice the rolled "r" sound: The letter "ረ" (re) in Amharic is pronounced as a rolled "r" sound, similar to the Spanish "rr" or the Italian "r." This sound may be challenging for some learners, but with practice, you will be able to master it.

3. Listen to native speakers: Listening to native speakers is an excellent way to improve your pronunciation. Pay attention to their intonation, rhythm, and stress patterns. Mimicking their pronunciation will help you develop a more authentic Amharic accent.

Now that we have covered the basics of Amharic consonant pronunciation, let's move on to explore the phonetic differences between similar sounding consonants.

Phonetics: Similar Sounding Consonants[edit | edit source]

Amharic has several pairs of consonants that sound similar but have slight phonetic differences. It's crucial to distinguish between these sounds to ensure accurate communication. Let's take a closer look at some of these pairs:

ቀ (qe) vs. ኀ (he)[edit | edit source]

The consonants "ቀ" (qe) and "ኀ" (he) may sound similar to non-native speakers, but they have distinct phonetic differences. "ቀ" (qe) is pronounced as an unaspirated "k" sound, while "ኀ" (he) is pronounced as an aspirated "h" sound. To practice these sounds, try saying the English word "cat" for "ቀ" (qe) and the English word "hat" for "ኀ" (he).

ሸ (she) vs. ፀ (se)[edit | edit source]

The consonants "ሸ" (she) and "ፀ" (se) can also be easily confused by non-native speakers. "ሸ" (she) is pronounced as an aspirated "sh" sound, while "ፀ" (se) is pronounced as an unaspirated "s" sound. To differentiate between the two, think of the English word "she" for "ሸ" (she) and the English word "set" for "ፀ" (se).

ጰ (pe) vs. ፐ (pe)[edit | edit source]

The consonants "ጰ" (pe) and "ፐ" (pe) may appear similar, but they have different pronunciations. "ጰ" (pe) is pronounced as an unaspirated "p" sound, while "ፐ" (pe) is pronounced as an aspirated "p" sound. To practice these sounds, say the English word "pat" for "ጰ" (pe) and the English word "pat" with a stronger puff of air for "ፐ" (pe).

It's important to take the time to practice these phonetic differences and listen to native speakers to develop a more accurate pronunciation.

Cultural Insights[edit | edit source]

The Amharic language is deeply intertwined with Ethiopian culture, and understanding the cultural context can enhance your language learning experience. Here are some cultural insights related to Amharic pronunciation and phonetics:

Regional Variations[edit | edit source]

Amharic is the official language of Ethiopia and is primarily spoken in the central and northern regions of the country. However, there are regional variations in pronunciation and accent within the Amharic-speaking community. For example, speakers from Addis Ababa may have a slightly different accent compared to those from Gondar or Bahir Dar. These regional variations add richness and diversity to the Amharic language.

Historical Influences[edit | edit source]

The Amharic language has been influenced by various historical factors, including the influence of other Ethiopian languages and the presence of different ethnic groups in the region. These historical influences have shaped the pronunciation and phonetics of Amharic, making it a unique and fascinating language to study.

Oral Tradition[edit | edit source]

In Ethiopian culture, oral tradition plays a significant role in preserving history and passing down knowledge from one generation to another. The correct pronunciation of Amharic is essential for maintaining the integrity of oral traditions and ensuring that cultural knowledge is accurately transmitted.

Now that we have explored the pronunciation and phonetics of Amharic, let's move on to some exercises to practice what we've learned.

Exercises[edit | edit source]

1. Pronunciation Practice: Listen to the audio recordings and repeat the words after the speaker, paying attention to the correct pronunciation of the consonants. Practice the aspirated and unaspirated sounds, as well as the rolled "r" sound.

2. Differentiation Exercise: In this exercise, you will be presented with pairs of words that have similar sounding consonants. Your task is to identify the correct pronunciation of each word and distinguish between the similar sounding consonants. Practice saying the words out loud to reinforce your understanding of the phonetic differences.

3. Dialogue Practice: Imagine a conversation between two friends discussing their favorite foods. Write a dialogue using the Amharic words you have learned in this lesson. Pay attention to the correct pronunciation of the words and use the appropriate consonant sounds.

Solutions[edit | edit source]

1. Pronunciation Practice:

- Audio recordings will be provided for each word, allowing students to listen and repeat the correct pronunciation.

2. Differentiation Exercise:

- A table will be provided with pairs of words. The correct pronunciation of each word will be indicated, allowing students to check their answers and understand the phonetic differences between similar sounding consonants.

3. Dialogue Practice:

- A sample dialogue will be provided, showcasing the correct pronunciation and use of the Amharic words discussed in this lesson. Students can compare their dialogue with the provided sample and make any necessary corrections.

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Congratulations on completing the lesson on Amharic pronunciation and phonetics! You have learned about the correct pronunciation of Amharic consonants and the phonetic differences between similar sounding consonants. You have also gained cultural insights into the significance of pronunciation in Ethiopian culture.

Remember to practice regularly, listen to native speakers, and immerse yourself in the Amharic language to further improve your pronunciation skills. In the next lesson, we will continue our journey through the Amharic alphabet by exploring vowel pronunciation and phonetics. Keep up the great work, and soon you will be on your way to mastering the Amharic language!

Table of Contents - Amharic Course - 0 to A1[edit source]

Course Presentation

Introduction to Amharic Alphabet

Basic Vocabulary

Basic Sentence Structure

Everyday Vocabulary

Intermediate Sentence Structure

Advanced Vocabulary

Ethiopian Culture and Traditions

Sources[edit | edit source]

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

◀️ Fidel and Syllables — Previous Lesson	Next Lesson — Greetings and Introductions ▶️

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+<span pgnav>
+{| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
+|[[Language/Amharic/Grammar/Fidel-and-Syllables|◀️ Fidel and Syllables — Previous Lesson]]
+|[[Language/Amharic/Vocabulary/Greetings-and-Introductions|Next Lesson — Greetings and Introductions ▶️]]
+|}
+</span>
 {{Amharic-Page-Top}}
 <div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Amharic|Amharic]]  → [[Language/Amharic/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Introduction to Amharic Alphabet → Pronunciation and Phonetics</div>
 __TOC__
-== Amharic Alphabet ==
+== Introduction ==
-The Amharic alphabet is known as “Fidel” and consists of 33 letters. The script is written from left to right, and vowels are represented by standalone letters. In this lesson, we will focus on the pronunciation and phonetics of the Amharic alphabet.
-== Consonants ==
-Amharic has 27 consonants, which are divided into three groups:
+Welcome to the lesson on Amharic pronunciation and phonetics! In this lesson, we will explore the pronunciation of Amharic letters and the phonetic differences between similar sounding consonants. Understanding the correct pronunciation is essential for effective communication and will greatly enhance your ability to speak and understand the Amharic language.
-- Voiceless plosive (6 consonants): p, t, ተወ (ch), ተቅ (k), ንትር (q), ጸ (ts)
+In this lesson, we will delve into the details of Amharic pronunciation and phonetics, providing numerous examples to illustrate each point. We will also explore any regional variations in the usage or understanding of the topic, as well as any historical reasons for these differences. Additionally, we will share interesting cultural facts and anecdotes related to the topic, making your learning experience both informative and enjoyable.
-- Voiced plosive (7 consonants): b, d, ድ (j), ጭ (ch'), ጵ (p'), ጽ (ts')
-- Fricative (8 consonants): f, s, ስ (sh), h, ህ (kh), ሽ (s'), ኸ (h'), ወር (w)
-Consonants in Amharic have their own unique pronunciation, and they can be distinguished from similar sounding consonants based on their phonetic properties.
+By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of the pronunciation of Amharic letters and be able to distinguish between similar sounding consonants. You will have the necessary tools to improve your spoken Amharic and communicate effectively with native speakers.
-=== Voiceless Plosives ===
+Let's get started!
-Voiceless plosives in Amharic are pronounced by stopping the airflow using the lips, tongue, or vocal cords, followed by a sudden release of the air.
+== Consonant Pronunciation ==
+Amharic has a rich set of consonant sounds, and it's important to pronounce them correctly. The following table provides an overview of the consonant letters in Amharic and their respective pronunciations:
 {| class="wikitable"
-! Amharic !! Pronunciation !! English
+! Amharic !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
 |-
-| ፕ || p || pot
+| ሀ || ha || h
 |-
-| ት || t || time
+| ለ || le || l
 |-
-| ተወ || ch || chew
+| ሐ || ha || h
 |-
-| ተቅ || k || keep
+| መ || me || m
 |-
-| ንትር || q || queen
+| ሠ || se || s
 |-
-| ጸ || ts || fits
+| ረ || re || r
-|}
-=== Voiced Plosives ===
-Voiced plosives in Amharic are pronounced in the same way as voiceless plosives, but with the addition of vocal cord vibration.
-{| class="wikitable"
-! Amharic !! Pronunciation !! English
 |-
-| ብ || b || bee
+| ሸ || she || sh
 |-
-| ድ || d || day
+| ቀ || qe || q
 |-
-| ጭ || ch' || church
+| በ || be || b
 |-
-| ጵ || p' || spin
+| ተ || te || t
 |-
-| ጽ || ts' || cats
+| ኀ || he || h
-|}
-=== Fricative Consonants ===
-Fricative consonants in Amharic are pronounced by restricting the airflow and causing friction or vibration through a narrow opening.
-{| class="wikitable"
-! Amharic !! Pronunciation !! English
-|-
-| ፈ || f || fun
-|-
-| ሰ || s || sit
 |-
-| ስ || sh || shout
+| ነ || ne || n
 |-
-| ህ || kh || Bach
+| አ || a || ʔ
 |-
-| ሽ || s' || sing
+| ከ || ke || k
 |-
-| ኸ || h' || happy
+| ኸ || khe || kh
 |-
-| ወር || w || win
+| ወ || we || w
 |-
-| ከፍል || h || heart
+| ዐ || a || ʔ
-|}
-== Vowels ==
-Amharic has seven vowels, which can be short or long. Long vowels are marked with a horizontal line above the vowel letter.
-{| class="wikitable"
-! Short Vowels !! Long Vowels !! Pronunciation
 |-
-| አ || ኣ || a (father)
+| ደ || de || d
 |-
-| ኢ || ኤ || i (bit)
+| ገ || ge || g
 |-
-| እ || ኦ || e (bed)
+| ጠ || te || t
 |-
-| ከ || ክ || o (note)
+| ጰ || pe || p
 |-
-| የ || ይ || ey (they)
+| ፀ || se || s
 |-
-| ዩ || ዮ || u (flute)
+| ፈ || fe || f
 |-
-| ኩ || ኮ || uu (food)
+| ፐ || pe || p
 |}
-In Amharic, vowels have a strong influence on the surrounding consonants, and some consonants may change their pronunciation depending on which vowel is used.
+It's important to note that some consonants, such as "ሀ" and "ሐ," have the same pronunciation, making them interchangeable in most cases. Similarly, "አ" and "ዐ" have the same pronunciation as well. However, there are slight phonetic differences between similar sounding consonants, and we will explore these in detail in the following sections.
+=== Pronunciation Tips ===
+To improve your Amharic pronunciation, here are some tips to keep in mind:
-For example, the pronunciation of the letter ከ (k) can vary depending on which vowel follows it:
+. Pay attention to the aspiration: Amharic consonants can be either aspirated or unaspirated. Aspirated consonants are pronounced with a puff of air, while unaspirated consonants are pronounced without the puff of air. For example, "ተ" (te) is aspirated, while "ደ" (de) is unaspirated. Paying attention to the aspiration will help you sound more natural when speaking Amharic.
-- With the short vowel ከ, it is pronounced as "ka".
+. Practice the rolled "r" sound: The letter "ረ" (re) in Amharic is pronounced as a rolled "r" sound, similar to the Spanish "rr" or the Italian "r." This sound may be challenging for some learners, but with practice, you will be able to master it.
-- With the long vowel ክ, it is pronounced as "ko".
-Another example is the letter ስ (s), which also changes its pronunciation depending on the following vowel:
+. Listen to native speakers: Listening to native speakers is an excellent way to improve your pronunciation. Pay attention to their intonation, rhythm, and stress patterns. Mimicking their pronunciation will help you develop a more authentic Amharic accent.
-- With the short vowel ስ, it is pronounced as "sa".
+Now that we have covered the basics of Amharic consonant pronunciation, let's move on to explore the phonetic differences between similar sounding consonants.
-- With the long vowel ሥ, it is pronounced as "see".
-== Syllable Structure ==
+== Phonetics: Similar Sounding Consonants ==
-Amharic syllables are composed of a consonant and a vowel, or a vowel alone. There are no syllables in Amharic that end in a consonant.
+Amharic has several pairs of consonants that sound similar but have slight phonetic differences. It's crucial to distinguish between these sounds to ensure accurate communication. Let's take a closer look at some of these pairs:
-When two consonants are adjacent, they form a syllable if the first consonant is a liquid (ር, ል, ክ, ጭ), or if the second consonant is a voiceless plosive (ፕ, ት, ንትር, ጸ), with the exception of the consonant ስ (s), which always forms a separate syllable.
+=== ቀ (qe) vs. ኀ (he) ===
-For example:
+The consonants "ቀ" (qe) and "ኀ" (he) may sound similar to non-native speakers, but they have distinct phonetic differences. "ቀ" (qe) is pronounced as an unaspirated "k" sound, while "ኀ" (he) is pronounced as an aspirated "h" sound. To practice these sounds, try saying the English word "cat" for "ቀ" (qe) and the English word "hat" for "ኀ" (he).
-- ማስተርያም (ma-stri-yam) - Meaning "teacher"
+=== ሸ (she) vs. ፀ (se) ===
-- ከርስቶስ (ke-ri-si-tos) - Meaning "Christ"
-== Pronunciation Tips ==
+The consonants "ሸ" (she) and "ፀ" (se) can also be easily confused by non-native speakers. "ሸ" (she) is pronounced as an aspirated "sh" sound, while "ፀ" (se) is pronounced as an unaspirated "s" sound. To differentiate between the two, think of the English word "she" for "ሸ" (she) and the English word "set" for "ፀ" (se).
-Here are some tips for improving your Amharic pronunciation:
+=== ጰ (pe) vs. ፐ (pe) ===
-- Practice speaking slowly and clearly.
+The consonants "ጰ" (pe) and "ፐ" (pe) may appear similar, but they have different pronunciations. "ጰ" (pe) is pronounced as an unaspirated "p" sound, while "ፐ" (pe) is pronounced as an aspirated "p" sound. To practice these sounds, say the English word "pat" for "ጰ" (pe) and the English word "pat" with a stronger puff of air for "ፐ" (pe).
-- Listen to native speakers and try to mimic their intonation and pronunciation.
-- Pay attention to the tone of your voice, as Amharic has a tonal system that can change the meaning of a word.
+It's important to take the time to practice these phonetic differences and listen to native speakers to develop a more accurate pronunciation.
-- Focus on mastering the basic sounds and syllable structure before moving on to more advanced topics.
+== Cultural Insights ==
+The Amharic language is deeply intertwined with Ethiopian culture, and understanding the cultural context can enhance your language learning experience. Here are some cultural insights related to Amharic pronunciation and phonetics:
+=== Regional Variations ===
+Amharic is the official language of Ethiopia and is primarily spoken in the central and northern regions of the country. However, there are regional variations in pronunciation and accent within the Amharic-speaking community. For example, speakers from Addis Ababa may have a slightly different accent compared to those from Gondar or Bahir Dar. These regional variations add richness and diversity to the Amharic language.
+=== Historical Influences ===
+The Amharic language has been influenced by various historical factors, including the influence of other Ethiopian languages and the presence of different ethnic groups in the region. These historical influences have shaped the pronunciation and phonetics of Amharic, making it a unique and fascinating language to study.
+=== Oral Tradition ===
+In Ethiopian culture, oral tradition plays a significant role in preserving history and passing down knowledge from one generation to another. The correct pronunciation of Amharic is essential for maintaining the integrity of oral traditions and ensuring that cultural knowledge is accurately transmitted.
+Now that we have explored the pronunciation and phonetics of Amharic, let's move on to some exercises to practice what we've learned.
+== Exercises ==
+. Pronunciation Practice: Listen to the audio recordings and repeat the words after the speaker, paying attention to the correct pronunciation of the consonants. Practice the aspirated and unaspirated sounds, as well as the rolled "r" sound.
+. Differentiation Exercise: In this exercise, you will be presented with pairs of words that have similar sounding consonants. Your task is to identify the correct pronunciation of each word and distinguish between the similar sounding consonants. Practice saying the words out loud to reinforce your understanding of the phonetic differences.
+. Dialogue Practice: Imagine a conversation between two friends discussing their favorite foods. Write a dialogue using the Amharic words you have learned in this lesson. Pay attention to the correct pronunciation of the words and use the appropriate consonant sounds.
+== Solutions ==
+. Pronunciation Practice:
+- Audio recordings will be provided for each word, allowing students to listen and repeat the correct pronunciation.
+. Differentiation Exercise:
+- A table will be provided with pairs of words. The correct pronunciation of each word will be indicated, allowing students to check their answers and understand the phonetic differences between similar sounding consonants.
+. Dialogue Practice:
+- A sample dialogue will be provided, showcasing the correct pronunciation and use of the Amharic words discussed in this lesson. Students can compare their dialogue with the provided sample and make any necessary corrections.
 == Conclusion ==
-In this lesson, you have learned about the pronunciation and phonetics of the Amharic alphabet. Understanding the sounds of Amharic consonants and vowels is an essential step towards mastering the language. In the next lesson, we will explore Amharic greetings and introductions.
+Congratulations on completing the lesson on Amharic pronunciation and phonetics! You have learned about the correct pronunciation of Amharic consonants and the phonetic differences between similar sounding consonants. You have also gained cultural insights into the significance of pronunciation in Ethiopian culture.
+Remember to practice regularly, listen to native speakers, and immerse yourself in the Amharic language to further improve your pronunciation skills. In the next lesson, we will continue our journey through the Amharic alphabet by exploring vowel pronunciation and phonetics. Keep up the great work, and soon you will be on your way to mastering the Amharic language!
 {{#seo:
-|title=Amharic Grammar - Introduction to Amharic Alphabet - Pronunciation and Phonetics
+|title=Amharic Grammar → Introduction to Amharic Alphabet → Pronunciation and Phonetics
-|keywords=amharic, amharic alphabet, pronunciation, phonetics, amharic course, fidel, consonants, vowels, syllable structure
+|keywords=Amharic grammar, Amharic alphabet, Amharic pronunciation, Amharic phonetics, Amharic consonants, Amharic language course, Amharic lessons
-|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to understand the pronunciation of Amharic letters and the phonetic differences between similar sounding consonants.
+|description=In this lesson, you will learn about the pronunciation of Amharic letters and the phonetic differences between similar sounding consonants. Gain cultural insights and practice exercises to enhance your understanding of Amharic pronunciation.
 }}
@@ Line 153: / Line 169: @@
 [[Category:0-to-A1-Course]]
 [[Category:Amharic-0-to-A1-Course]]
-<span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-3.5-turbo></span> <span temperature=1></span>
+<span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-3.5-turbo-16k></span> <span temperature=0.7></span>
+==Sources==
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic Amharic - Wikipedia]
+* [https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/amharic/ Amharic Language - Dialects & Structure - MustGo]
+==Other Lessons==
+* [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/Simple-Sentence|Simple Sentence]]
+* [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/Stem-verbs|Stem verbs]]
+* [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/Negation|Negation]]
+* [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/Nouns-and-Pronouns|Nouns and Pronouns]]
+* [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjectives]]
+* [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/Time-Adverbs|Time Adverbs]]
+* [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/How-to-Use-Have|How to Use Have]]
+* [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/Using-Prepositional-Phrases|Using Prepositional Phrases]]
+* [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/Negation-and-Questions|Negation and Questions]]
+* [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/“to-be”-and-“to-have”|“to be” and “to have”]]
 {{Amharic-Page-Bottom}}
+<span pgnav>
+{| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
+|[[Language/Amharic/Grammar/Fidel-and-Syllables|◀️ Fidel and Syllables — Previous Lesson]]
+|[[Language/Amharic/Vocabulary/Greetings-and-Introductions|Next Lesson — Greetings and Introductions ▶️]]
+|}
+</span>

Amharic	Pronunciation	English Translation
ሀ	ha	h
ለ	le	l
ሐ	ha	h
መ	me	m
ሠ	se	s
ረ	re	r
ሸ	she	sh
ቀ	qe	q
በ	be	b
ተ	te	t
ኀ	he	h
ነ	ne	n
አ	a	ʔ
ከ	ke	k
ኸ	khe	kh
ወ	we	w
ዐ	a	ʔ
ደ	de	d
ገ	ge	g
ጠ	te	t
ጰ	pe	p
ፀ	se	s
ፈ	fe	f
ፐ	pe	p

Amharic	Pronunciation	English Translation
ሀ	ha	h
ለ	le	l
ሐ	ha	h
መ	me	m
ሠ	se	s
ረ	re	r
ሸ	she	sh
ቀ	qe	q
በ	be	b
ተ	te	t
ኀ	he	h
ነ	ne	n
አ	a	ʔ
ከ	ke	k
ኸ	khe	kh
ወ	we	w
ዐ	a	ʔ
ደ	de	d
ገ	ge	g
ጠ	te	t
ጰ	pe	p
ፀ	se	s
ፈ	fe	f
ፐ	pe	p